💧Bladder cancer

#1Long-term urinary catheter[1]+811%

A catheter left in place for weeks or years keeps the bladder lining under constant mechanical irritation and chronic infection — rare enough in the general population to earn almost no pill on this chart, but one of the largest single risks here for the people it affects.

Ever needed a urinary catheter long-term (weeks or more), from spinal cord injury, neurogenic bladder, or otherwise?

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#2Occupational chemical exposure[2]≈7×

These trades mean years of skin and lung contact with aromatic amines, chemicals the bladder concentrates and stores in urine for hours.

Ever worked for several years in dye, rubber, leather-tanning, printing, or metal-plating work?

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#3Cyclophosphamide history[3]+350%

Cyclophosphamide breaks down into a compound that sits in the bladder and damages its lining directly, a mechanism doctors manage with a protective drug and extra fluids during treatment, but the cancer risk from cumulative dose can still show up years later.

Ever been treated with cyclophosphamide, for cancer or an autoimmune disease (like ANCA vasculitis or lupus)?

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#4Smoking[4]+306%

Smoke carries bladder carcinogens straight into urine, where they sit against the lining for hours at a time.

Do you smoke?

Same number, 2 answers: The cohort compared current smokers of any amount with never smokers and did not split light from heavy smoking.

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#5Family history of bladder cancer[5]+172%

In a meta-analysis of over 4,300 cases, having one first-degree relative (a parent, sibling or child) with bladder cancer raised the odds by close to three times, and a second-degree relative by about 70%, even after accounting for shared smoking habits.

Any strong family history of cancer?

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#6Arsenic in drinking water[6]+170%

Arsenic in well water is odorless and tasteless, and it concentrates in the bladder on its way out.

Where does your drinking water come from?

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#7Pelvic radiation history[7]+112%

Radiation aimed at a pelvic tumor also reaches the bladder wall next to it, and the DNA damage it leaves can surface as a second, unrelated cancer years later.

Ever had radiation therapy aimed at the pelvis (for prostate, cervical, bladder, testicular, or rectal cancer)?

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#8Low fluid intake[8]−49%

Drinking more dilutes whatever carcinogens pass through the bladder and moves them out faster; in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, men in the highest fifth of total fluid intake developed about half as much bladder cancer as men in the lowest fifth.

How much fluid do you drink on a typical day?

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#9Diabetes[9]+35%

Across 36 observational studies of mixed design, diabetes went with 35% more bladder cancer, an effect independent of smoking and strongest in the years soon after diagnosis.

What’s your blood sugar like?

Same number, 2 answers: The meta-analysis compared diabetes with no diabetes; it did not split by how well it was controlled.

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#10Physical inactivity[10]−13%

Pooling 1.44 million adults across 12 US and European cohorts, the most leisure-time physical activity went with 13% less bladder cancer than the least, after adjusting for smoking, alcohol and weight.

How many days a week do you get 30+ minutes of exercise?

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#11Body weight[11]+10%

The link between body weight and bladder cancer is real but modest next to smoking or occupational exposure: a dose-response meta-analysis of 14 cohort studies found each 5-point rise in BMI went with about 3% more bladder cancer, clearest in men and past a BMI of 30.

How would you describe your weight?

Same number, 2 answers: The meta-analysis pooled everyone with a BMI of 30 or over as one obese group.

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