🫘Kidney disease

#1Body weight[1, 2]+607%

In 320,252 Kaiser Permanente members followed for up to 35 years, end-stage kidney disease climbed steeply with weight: 87% more when overweight, more than three and a half times the risk with a BMI of 30 to 35, and seven times the risk at 40 and over, even after allowing for blood pressure and diabetes.

How would you describe your weight?

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#2Diabetes[3, 4]+160%

Diabetes is the single most common cause of kidney failure.

What’s your blood sugar like?

Same number, 2 answers: The study compared diabetes with no diabetes; it did not split by how well blood sugar was controlled.

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#3Blood pressure[5]+159%

In 316,675 Kaiser Permanente members who all had healthy kidneys when they were first checked, end-stage kidney disease rose step by step with blood pressure: 62% more at 120 to 129 over 80 to 84, more than double at 140 to 159 over 90 to 99, and almost four times the risk at 160 and above.

What’s your blood pressure like?

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#4Sleep apnea[6]+109%

Across 12 studies and over 3 million people, those with sleep apnea had about twice the odds of chronic or end-stage kidney disease (odds ratio 2.09).

Do you snore loudly or wake up gasping?

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#5Smoking[7]+91%

Across 15 prospective cohorts, current smokers reached end-stage kidney disease at 1.91 times the rate of never smokers, and former smokers at 1.44 times.

Do you smoke?

Same number, 2 answers: The meta-analysis compared current smokers with never smokers; it did not split by how many cigarettes a day.

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#6Sugary drinks[8]+58%

Across five studies, people who regularly drank sugar-sweetened soda had 58% more chronic kidney disease than those who did not.

How often do you drink sugary drinks?

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#7Sleep length[9]+46%

Across 42 studies and 2.6 million people, both short and long sleep went with more chronic kidney disease than 7 to 8 hours: about a fifth more for 6 to 7 hours, around 40% more for 5 hours or less, and 46% more for 9 hours or more.

How much sleep do you usually get?

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#8Red meat[10]+40%

In 63,257 Singapore Chinese adults followed for 15 years, the quarter who ate the most red meat reached end-stage kidney disease 40% more often than the quarter who ate the least, with a clear dose-response trend.

How often do you eat red meat?

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#9Overall diet[11]−30%

Across 18 cohorts and 630,000 adults, a healthy eating pattern (more vegetables, fruit, legumes, nuts, whole grains and fish; less red and processed meat, salt and sugary drinks) went with 30% lower odds of chronic kidney disease.

How would you describe your diet?

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#10Physical activity[12]−9%

Across 12 cohorts and 1.28 million people, the most physically active had 9% less chronic kidney disease than the least active.

How many days a week do you get 30+ minutes of exercise?

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